ࡱ> ospb Njbjb 'lF>S ( b***8b4$b#0p6"XL#######,$R$'G#G#\##T,6:T6#:!,U" H*X! U"r#0#"R''U"bb$  bbThe Politics, Potentials, and Meanings of the Belem Forum : The Significance of the Forum for the Indigenous Peoples of the World A Proposal for a Workshop at the World Social Forum at Belem Proposed : CACIM and others to be defined through discussion Second draft, for discussion, Jai Sen, for CACIM, November 16 2008 COMMENTS INVITED ! The terms under which the WSFs International Council accepted the holding of the WSF in Belem, and in Amazonia, in June 2007 included several significant social and ecological objectives. (See Amazon region's candidature to host the World Social Forum 2009, dated May 29 2007; available @ HYPERLINK "http://alternatives-international.net/article901.html"http://alternatives-international.net/article901.html; also @  HYPERLINK "http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon%20region%27s%20candidature" http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon%20region%27s%20candidature.) These include the plea that : The Amazon region is the planet's last forest frontier. Besides, it has the planet's most valuable freshwater resources, biodiversity and great social diversity, which is represented by its traditional populations and indigenous peoples. The threats upon this human patrimony do not involve only climate changes. They are also accelerated by current development policies that point towards the growth of predatory activities such as single-crop farming and cattle-breeding, exploration of mineral commodities and installation of infrastructures that open up space to these predatory processes, which are proved to have very little positive effect on the Amazonian society as a whole. Therefore, hosting the World Social Forum has a great symbolic value to the region and will reinforce various efforts that aim at giving visibility to the importance of protecting natural resources and respecting the diversity of lifestyles, which are being threatened by the growth of neoliberal globalization process in this region, one of great strategic importance to the planet. There is no question that Amazonia is important at the world level as a symbol of the planets environment and of its diversity and fragility. Equally however, Amazonia is also symbolic at a world level of the existence and struggles of indigenous peoples who have been and are under threat across the planet. Given the very special significance that the World Social Forum has come to have in terms of the articulation at a world level of non-state voices and therefore, in principle, that such a meeting could have for indigenous peoples -, but given also the complex and contentious relationship of power between civil and incivil worlds that exists in all societies in the world, and given moreover the history of deep controversy around the organising of the Forum at Nairobi in 2007, we believe and propose that it is extremely important to empathetically but critically look at, interrogate, and debate the Belem Forum as a concept and as practice; and from ahead and during the Belem Forum, not after. Among other reasons, while the broader ecological objectives of organising the Forum in Belem are certainly of the greatest importance, given the other symbolism of the Belem Forum it is also vital to understand the manner in which these are intersecting with the struggles of indigenous peoples in Amazonia, in Brazil, in the Americas, and all over the world. We therefore propose a process of debate before the Forum (ie during December 2008 - January 2009) and then a major Workshop during the Forum. Context The history of Brazil since the 15th century has in part involved a massive extermination of the indigenous peoples of the territory that came to be called Brazil; through the colonisation of the territory by the Portuguese and the Spanish and then the subsequent takeover and integration of the territory by those who came to form the ruling classes of the new country. Though different in detail, this is also largely true of the indigenous peoples of most countries of Latin America. Although the indigenous peoples of these territories have in all cases fought back, it has been the other peoples the settlers - who have in all cases taken over; with Bolivia being the first case where the indigenous population of the territory have taken back the power. In many ways, although there were indigenous peoples once inhabiting most of the territory now known as Brazil, the struggle over Amazonia has been the symbol of these struggles in Brazil. On the one hand, the basin of the Amazon and its tributaries have been the cradle of hundreds of tribes since time immemorial; on the other, the basin occupies about half the countrys vast total area, in one sense right across the heart of the country, and it is also the home of allegedly vast deposits of minerals. There could be scarcely be a more contentious issue. As a consequence, over the past half century, on the one hand there has been a massive attempt to take over and colonise Amazonia - through the construction of a Trans-Amazonian Highway, through the construction of other roads such as BR-364 and the bringing in by the government of hundreds of thousands of non-indigenous settlers through land colonisation projects such as Polonoroeste; and through the populating of the little populated north-western parts of the country, ostensibly to defend the country against invasion, through the Calhe Norte project. On the other hand, since the early 1970s, and despite an experience of massive violence inflicted on them by these incursions, the indigenous peoples of Amazonia and Brazil have - with the support of the-then liberationist church and of sections of national and international civil society such as anthropologists not only struggled locally but also gradually come together to form associations through which they could collectively defend and assert their rights. (The historical enormity of this process of convergence also needs to be appreciated; till the mid 1960s, most of the these tribes were completely isolated not only from dominant society, till then largely located in south-east Brazil, but also from each other.) And more recently, they have also come together with other indigenous peoples in Latin America, and from some parts of the world, to form diaphanous and still-fragile regional and global associations. An important part of this has been campaign and advocacy at the UN level, which has gone so far as to lead to the declaration by the UN of 1993 as the International Year of the Worlds Indigenous People. Along with this, and in the context of the World Social Forum being a world process, it is important to mention that much of this impetus has come from and around the lives and struggles of the indigenous peoples of Latin America, and to a degree Australia and New Zealand, rather than the indigenous peoples of North America, Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, South East Asia, East Asia, or even Europe. Among other things, there are radically different conceptualisations among the indigenous peoples of the world of issues such as indigeneity and of relations to settler societies. So it is not as if these are universally settled questions. The period since then has seen momentous developments in the struggles of indigenous peoples of the world. In January 1994 immediately after the UNs International Year of the Worlds Indigenous People came the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico, led by the indigenous peoples of Chiapas. (There are many who say that this rebellion was the inspiration for the WSF and for the global justice movement of which it is a part.) In the decade since then, the prime ministers of government after government of settler countries New Zealand, Australia, and Canada have apologised to the indigenous peoples of those territories for the crimes historically committed against them by the (white) settler populations. And in 2003, the indigenous peoples of Bolivia, led by Evo Morales and his Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Towards Socialism), were democratically elected to power. Even if this is a crude sketch, and even if there is much more that could be said in this area even in introduction, it is in this broad context that the World Social Forum to be held in Belem needs to be seen. The WSF has grown spectacularly over the past seven years, and is seen by some including by some of its organisers and ideologues in different parts of the world, as today being the most important space in the world today for non-state, civil actors to convene, converge, and articulate their voices. But, and as above, the Belem Forum has specially been convened in order to put forward the voices and claims of indigenous peoples explicitly the indigenous peoples of Amazonia, but implicitly, given the embrace and scope of the World Social Forum, the indigenous peoples of the world. This is so even though until the 3rd WSF held in Porto Alegre in 2005, the indigenous peoples of Brazil let alone of the world had virtually no place in the Forum; it was till then exclusively a Forum for dominant civil society, for the settlers of the country and for their equivalents around the world. The organisers of the WSF have made major efforts to change this situation since then, but this is the history and reality of the Forum in Brazil. And it is also a reality that the WSF has, by the Charter of Principles it has itself formulated, ruled out the possibility of even the Zapatistas attending because the Charter prohibits military (armed) groups from attending. On the other hand, it could be said that although not an exact parallel, the Belem Forum has the potential to be, for the indigenous peoples of the world, what the 2003 Durban Conference on Race and Xenophobia was for people of colour (and certainly for, among others, Dalits in India). All this is aside from the other intertwined objectives and claims for the Belem Forum, to defend Amazon as an ecological entity. But keeping the above in mind, this too has a complex basis. The historical reality of Amazonia is that it is not, as is imagined by many outsiders, populated only by indigenous peoples; to the contrary, since the second half of the 19th century it has a history of being settled by outsiders through colonisation by rubber barons, who left the region with a large population of sereingueiros (rubber tappers), and then spontaneously by miners, loggers, and other adventurers; and so it now, a century and more later, has a very significant population of non-indigenous peoples the sections referred to in the candidacy proposal as traditional populations - whose claim to Amazonia is also strong and legitimate. Since the 1980s, these different populations of Amazonia have come together in many ways, but expectably, given the differences in their histories and their relations to the world around them, there are also differences in how they see Amazonia. Our understanding is that in this complex context, it is extremely important to empathetically but critically look at, interrogate, and debate the Belem Forum as concept and as practice so that it does not, eve if unintentionally, become a process of a complex subordination, but rather what it is intended to be, an emancipatory, liberating event. We propose to contribute to it being this by (a) reaching these ideas and this proposal out to organisations of indigenous peoples and traditional populations in the Amazonian region, as well as to organisations of indigenous peoples in other parts of Brazil, the Americas, and the world, and asking for their collaboration; (b) debating these issues as much as possible ahead of the Belem Forum, on listserves; (c), organising a major Workshop on this theme at the Belem Forum; and (d) preparing a film and a report on the Workshop that can both carry the debate forward and also contribute to a critical appreciation of the Belem Forum. In proposing this event and process, we acknowledge that we are aware of the work of Working Group on the Participation of Indigenous Peoples in the WSF, of the steps being taken to hold consultations with indigenous peoples and traditional populations throughout Amazonia during the current months and ahead of the Belem Forum, and of the Solidarity Fund being established from within the WSF to enable the participation of indigenous peoples (albeit, presumably because of resource restrictions, from Amazonia alone) to participate in the Belem Forum. We strongly appreciate and welcome all these steps, but nevertheless feel and perhaps all the more because all this is being done - that there is a need to engage fully with the complexity of the reality. Indeed, we feel that the debate and Workshop we are proposing are strongly complementary to these other activities. We have of course already started identifying individuals and organisations who we would like to invite to the Workshop as Resource Persons (see attached SubAnnexure). As it happens, one of our members has done fairly extensive research on the history of movements and campaigns in one part of Amazonia (Rondnia and Acre) and through that, of movements in Amazonia, and in the course of that work, came to know several key people in this field in Amazonia and in Brazil in general, and in Europe, North America, Japan, and elsewhere activists, academics, writers and filmmakers, policy makers, legislators, and others; several / some of whom may, we hope, be already planning to take part in the WSF in Belem. In addition, we at CACIM are also in touch with similar people in India, in the course of our current work. We therefore propose to draw on this capital for enrichening the Workshop though the resources required for attending will of course be an important constraint. [to be completed; comments invited] Objectives (DRAFT TO BE DISCUSSED AND FINALISED !) : Especially given the history of controversy around the organising of the Forum at Nairobi, we propose the following as the objectives of the Workshop : To critically support the meaning of the WSF being held in Belem, in terms of the socially and ecologically significant objectives that were defined by the promoters and proposers of the 2009 WSF in Amazonia and specifically at Belem (see Amazon region's candidature to host the World Social Forum 2009, dated Tuesday 29 May 2007; available @ HYPERLINK "http://alternatives-international.net/article901.html"http://alternatives-international.net/article901.html sb010708; also available @  HYPERLINK "http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon%20region%27s%20candidature" http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon%20region%27s%20candidature) To critically examine the actual experience and practice of organising the WSF at Belem, in terms of the original objectives set for it; and Insofar as Amazonia is, in addition to being symbolic of the planets environment and its diversity and fragility, is also symbolic at a world level of the existence and struggles of indigenous peoples, to also, and in particular, critically examine the politics, potentials, and meanings of the WSF as it is being organised at Belem for the indigenous peoples of the world. Attached : SubAnnexure to Proposal : A Preliminary List of Possible Resource People for the proposed Workshop on The Politics, Potentials, and Meanings of the Belem Forum : The Significance of the Forum for the Indigenous Peoples of the World (November 15 2008 working draft) _____________ CACIM  HYPERLINK "http://www.cacim.net" www.cacim.net,  HYPERLINK "mailto:info@cacim.net" info@cacim.net A3 Defence Colony, New Delhi, India Ph +91-11-4155 1521  Although the candidacy proposal cited mentions indigenous peoples, it does so as being only one of the two main population groups in Amazonia (the other one being traditional populations). See later in this document for a discussion of the significance of this.  For a discussion of the concept of incivility, see Jai Sen, November 2007 The power of civility, in Mikael Lfgren & Hkan Thrn, eds, 2007 Global Civil Society More Or Less Democracy?, special issue of Development Dialogue, no 49, pp 51-68; available for download on HYPERLINK "http://www.dhf.uu.se/"www.dhf.uu.se.  See : Onyango Oloo (National Coordinator, Kenya Social Forum), March 2007 Critical Reflections on WSF Nairobi 2007. Debate SA discussion list WSF-Nairobi autopsy by Oyango Oloo. Date: 29 March 2007 1:52:31 PM GMT+05:45. Available at  HYPERLINK "http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=392" http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=392; Wangui Mbatia and Hassan Indusa, February 2007 The World Social Forum 2007 : A Kenyan Perspective, on Red Pepper Online @ HYPERLINK "http://www.redpepper.org.uk/"http://www.redpepper.org.uk/. Prepared on behalf of the Peoples Parliament, Nairobi, Kenya; and : Gina Vargas (Articulacin Feminista Marcosur), April 2007 A look at Nairobis World Social Forum, forthcoming as chapter in Jai Sen and Peter Waterman, eds, forthcoming, 2009 Facing History : The World Social Forum and Beyond [title under finalisation], Volume 2 in the Challenging Empires series. New Delhi : OpenWord Books.  It is an interesting footnote that although the concept of a plural indigenous peoples had by then already been accepted by the UN system, when the UN came to declare this year, it resorted or was forced by its member governments to resort to referring to them in the singular, indigenous people, implying that all indigenous peoples of the world constitute a single monocultural bloc, different in a singular way from others.  Anon, nd, c.2008 Working Group Meeting on the Participation of Indigenous Peoples in the WSF 2009. Accessed mk 101108 @  HYPERLINK "http://openfsm.net/projects/wg-indigenas/indigenous-peoples-copenhagen" http://openfsm.net/projects/wg-indigenas/indigenous-peoples-copenhagen.  See above, for references. PAGE  PAGE 5 The Politics and Potentials of the Belem Forum (title to be finalised) A Proposal for a Workshop at the World Social Forum at Belem CACIM (and others to be defined), November 2008 DISCUSSION DRAFT COMMENTS INVITED ! 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_PID_HLINKS'A<n<mailto:info@cacim.net\ http://www.cacim.net phttp://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon region%27s candidature u6http://alternatives-international.net/article901.htmlphttp://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon region%27s candidature u6http://alternatives-international.net/article901.htmlky Ghttp://openfsm.net/projects/wg-indigenas/indigenous-peoples-copenhagenIhttp://www.redpepper.org.uk/CHhttp://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=392?http://www.dhf.uu.se/ FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8 ՜.+,D՜.+,` hp  'CACIM]5 /The Politics and Potentials of the Belem Forum Title 8@ Oh+'0D , L X d p|'0The Politics and Potentials of the Belem ForumJai SenNormalJai Sen3Microsoft Word 11.5.0@F#@>H@~OI@AOI+GPICTZ HHZ ZHHPQZZ    9Ro{ZNso{Z^ZNsww^ZZRR^g9o{^F1w    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L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.^`o(()( 0( ^( `0o(.  L ^ `LhH. ``^``hH. 00^0`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH.08`G{+        Үz~m       q 778n:t<E>F>@JBRCDDEEyGGHH@66`*8E66 C$EƀBF.C$EƀBF.C$EƀBF.C$EƀBF)h[7o::u<<=E>F>GGGGHHH @ {@ހ@@@@@h@@ 0@2@ (lZ@ f@h@UnknownJai SenGTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial5 TahomaC+H Lucida Grande hAFBF&+]4d53`=D:.The Politics and Potentials of the Belem ForumJai SenJai Sen  b NjbjbnF>S ( b84J$M(0zp" LXXXXX$$$$$$$,})R+%XXXXX%XX'&XXX$T,6:T6X$:#,$n H@X# $(<M(#Rq,q,$$ : :The Politics, Potentials, and Meanings of the Belem Forum : The Significance of the Forum for the Indigenous Peoples of the World A Proposal for a Workshop at the World Social Forum at Belem Proposed : CACIM and others to be defined through discussion Second draft, for discussion, Jai Sen, for CACIM, November 16 2008 COMMENTS INVITED ! The terms under which the WSFs International Council accepted the holding of the WSF in Belem, and in Amazonia, in June 2007 included several significant social and ecological objectives. (See Amazon region's candidature to host the World Social Forum 2009, dated May 29 2007; available @ HYPERLINK "http://alternatives-international.net/article901.html"http://alternatives-international.net/article901.html; also @  HYPERLINK "http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon%20region%27s%20candidature" http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=635&highlight=amazon%20region%27s%20candidature.) These include the plea that : The Amazon region is the planet's last forest frontier. Besides, it has the planet's most valuable freshwater resources, biodiversity and great social diversity, which is represented by its traditional populations and indigenous peoples. The threats upon this human patrimony do not involve only climate changes. They are also accelerated by current development policies that point towards the growth of predatory activities such as single-crop farming and cattle-breeding, exploration of mineral commodities and installation of infrastructures that open up space to these predatory processes, which are proved to have very little positive effect on the Amazonian society as a whole. Therefore, hosting the World Social Forum has a great symbolic value to the region and will reinforce various efforts that aim at giving visibility to the importance of protecting natural resources and respecting the diversity of lifestyles, which are being threatened by the growth of neoliberal globalization process in this region, one of great strategic importance to the planet. There is no question that Amazonia is important at the world level as a symbol of the planets environment and of its diversity and fragility. Equally however, Amazonia is also symbolic at a world level of the existence and struggles of indigenous peoples who have been and are under threat across the planet. 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